Zooplankton nets are fundamental tools for biological oceanography, and their sampling quality directly affects the evaluation accuracy of species composition and ecological function. The technical evolution of zooplankton nets from early vertical hauls to modern multi-net platforms (such as MOCNESS and Multinet) has been reviewed to highlight significant advancements in mechanical control, telemetry, and depth-resolved sampling. It analyzes the complementary role of non-contact technologies, such as optics, acoustic, and environment DNA, to traditional nets, emphasizing the continuing necessity of net sampling in species identification and data verification. It is further proposed that the future development of zooplankton nets should integrate sensing systems, artificial intelligence, and sample-preservation technologies to develop a “smart net” system for efficient, low-bias and quantitative sampling of meso- and macro-zooplankton.

Polar marine equipment is the main carrier for human participation in polar activities. The suggestions for the division of the polar marine equipment system are provided in the current study. The key directions for future polar marine equipment in China are found based on the historical development of China’s polar marine equipment and the comparative analysis of similar equipment types at home and abroad. Nine technical disciplines for polar ships are proposed and three major technical requirements are listed and elaborated by combining with the engineering research and development of heavy icebreakers. It can provide references for the research and development of relevant equipment technologies in China.