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Review of Offshore Equipment Market in 2024 and Future Prospects ZHANG Hui, JIN Weichen Ship & Boat    2025, 36 (02): 37-45.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2025.039 Abstract （356）      PDF （2104KB）（5968）       Knowledge map    Save In 2024, the global offshore market witnessed a countertrend rebound with a double-digit surge in order values, indicating a renewed market recovery. Optimistic signals have emerged in the current offshore market. On the demand side, the expectation of international oil prices stabilized around $70 per barrel with minor fluctuations. The emerging nations continue to show great potential in offshore oil and gas exploration. Under the background of offshore oil accelerating towards the deep seas, orders for large-scale high-value oil and gas equipment such as floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs) and floating liquefied natural gas systems (FLNGs) remain substantial. The rapid growth in demand for the offshore wind market and the imbalance in ship supply among various countries are still intensifying. On the supply side, the supply of the fleet will keep tight, and the production load of shipyards will remain full. Additionally, increasing stringent green and environmental protection requirements in maritime field are accelerating the demand for fleet renewal and the green transitions among offshore shipowners, in order to meet the new specification requirements. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of World Ship and Marine Market in 2024 and Prospect in 2025 ZHOU Yilai, WEI Mei, GAO Jue, ZHU Mingsi Ship & Boat    2025, 36 (01): 11-26.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.232 Abstract （494）      PDF （4110KB）（4294）       Knowledge map    Save In 2024, the world economy maintained relatively stable growth with increasing economic growth differentiation among different economies. Energy prices and transportation costs have increased due to geopolitical conflicts such as the Red Sea, resulting in significant growth in the transportation market led by container ships. Key indicators of the shipbuilding industry remained on an upward trend. In terms of deadweight tonnage, global new ship orders increased by 65% year-on-year, and China’s share of global new ship orders has expanded to 75%. In the new ship orders, vessels utilizing alternative fuels account for 47%, container ships achieved a year-on-year increase of 121% (in terms of TEUs), oil tankers increased by 48.9%, bulk carriers increased by 22%, and Very Large Amonia Carriers (VLACs) increased by 79.3%. The global orderbook increased by 37.62% year-on-year, with a 2% increase for container ships, a 215% increase for oil tankers, and a 56% increase for bulk carriers. The shipbuilding industry is expected to continually grow in 2025, but with a decreased growth rate, and greening will still be the hot topics. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of the Development of Equipment and Technology for Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodule Mining FEI Long, ZHENG Chengrong, JIN Qiang, PAN Fang Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (06): 1-14.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.06.001 Abstract （547）      PDF （6981KB）（3189）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing depletion of global land resources, deep-sea polymetallic nodules, as a potential and abundant mineral resource, have attracted widespread international attention. This paper systematically elaborates on the operational process and equipment composition of deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining, reviews the progress of domestic and foreign experimental activities in the field of deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining, and focuses on sorting out the key equipment and technologies applied or developed globally in aspects such as deep-sea mining platforms, underwater collection systems, mineral lifting systems, and environmental monitoring systems. After analyzing the gap in the development of domestic equipment technology, this paper puts forward targeted suggestions, aiming to promote the development of China’s deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining equipment technology, in order to realize the development and utilization of deep-sea mineral resources. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application Status and Prospect of Titanium Alloys for Pressure-Resistant Structure of Deep-Sea Manned Equipment ZHANG Aifeng, LI Yanqing, XU Qiang, ZHANG Bowen, QU Ping, CHEN Wei Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (06): 81-91.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.06.007 Abstract （1682）      PDF （2984KB）（1827）       Knowledge map    Save Pressure-resistant structural materials are the foundation for supporting the descent and ascent of marine equipment. Titanium alloys, with their characteristics of lightweight, high strength, and corrosion resistance, have become the preferred materials for pressure-resistant structures in deep-sea manned equipment and show promising prospects for application. This article briefly describes the development history and research progress of typical deep-sea manned equipment such as submarines, submersibles, deep-sea workstations, and underwater laboratories, as well as their pressure-resistant structural materials. The current state of domestic titanium industry development and the research foundation in the titanium alloy material system for marine engineering, titanium alloy pressure-resistant structure manufacturing technology, and design and testing research is introduced. In combination with the technical characteristics of large deep-sea equipment titanium alloy structures, the article analyzes the key scientific and technological issues and application demands for titanium alloys used in pressure-resistant structures, providing a reference for the future development of titanium alloys for pressure-resistant structures in deep-sea manned equipment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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State-of-the-Art and Prospects of Installation Methods for Offshore Wind Turbines JIN Jingzhe, GAO Zhen Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (03): 1-20.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.03.001 Abstract （1313）      PDF （6710KB）（1416）       Knowledge map    Save The difficulty and cost of the installation of offshore wind turbine (OWT) increases with the rapid development of the scale of the global offshore wind industry, the continuous enlargement of the capacity of the wind turbine and the development of wind farms towards deep sea. The installation methods suitable for large wind turbines (10 MW and above) in deeper waters and harsh sea conditions shall be thoroughly studied and refined to address this situation. Therefore, this article introduces and discusses the main installation methods of OWTs and the characteristics of OWT installation vessels, as well as their future development needs. On this basis, the installation difficulties of current OWTs are summarized. The research progresses in the numerical simulation of the OWT installation are further reviewed. The scheme of combining numerical simulation with the planning and on-site construction stages of wind turbine installation is discussed in detail to ensure safe construction and improve installation efficiency. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Marine Carbon Reduction Technology Under the International Maritime Organization's Shipping Carbon Emission Policy QU Ziyi, KONG Cunjin, YIN Honghao, ZHANG Derong, DU Min Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (02): 25-38.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.02.004 Abstract （1064）      PDF （1972KB）（1392）       Knowledge map    Save The shipping industry, as a major emitter of greenhouse gases, has increasingly highlighted the urgency of carbon reduction. A series of mandatory policies and regulations on carbon emissions in the international shipping industry have gradually entered into the mandatory implementation stage in order to reduce carbon emissions in the shipping industry. The shipping industry is therefore facing enormous pressure on carbon reduction. The current study reviews and summarizes the shipping carbon emission policies and regulations issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and compares the feasibility and applicability of various carbon reduction technologies in the shipping industry from both policy and technical aspects. The carbon capture technology is a direct and effective technology for the current shipping industry to address the carbon emission regulations. Based on the state-of-art of the carbon capture technology for ship exhaust gas, the challenges faced by the ocean-going ships in using carbon capture technology are analyzed from the technical requirements, operating costs and energy consumption, combined with the operation characteristics and exhaust emission characteristics of the ocean-going ships. The suggestions and measures are provided for appropriate marine carbon capture technology. The development direction of the carbon capture technology for the exhaust emissions of the ocean-going vessels is prospected based on the historical data. This study can provide references for the formulation of the carbon emission policies for China's shipping industry and the development and application of the ship carbon reduction technologies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration and Technical Requirements for the Development of China's Polar Marine Equipment WU Gang, ZHOU Haojie, SHEN Yue, QIN Qi Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (04): 1-10.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.04.001 Abstract （717）      PDF （2097KB）（1221）       Knowledge map    Save Polar marine equipment is the main carrier for human participation in polar activities. The suggestions for the division of the polar marine equipment system are provided in the current study. The key directions for future polar marine equipment in China are found based on the historical development of China’s polar marine equipment and the comparative analysis of similar equipment types at home and abroad. Nine technical disciplines for polar ships are proposed and three major technical requirements are listed and elaborated by combining with the engineering research and development of heavy icebreakers. It can provide references for the research and development of relevant equipment technologies in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Typical Thrusters in High-Performance Ships XIAO Haisong, PAN Lufeng, SHI Zeyu, ZHENG Haoran Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (03): 43-51.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.03.004 Abstract （596）      PDF （2037KB）（1117）       Knowledge map    Save Thruster is the core equipment of ship navigation, and the choice of thruster is the core factor affecting the combat effectiveness of ship. The state-of-the-art of typical thrusters has been outlined based on the development of the equipment and technology of high-performance ships. It focuses on the relationship between the propulsion system and the ship hull with a systematic analysis from two aspects: the influence of requirements of ship multiple operation conditions, high speed and low noise on the development of the propulsion technology, and the improvement of the performance of ships by the development of propulsion technologies such as special propeller propulsion and waterjet propulsion. The effects of using propellers and waterjets on the resistance, maneuverability and noise of the ship are compared based on the full-scale and model test data of a 600 t law enforcement platform and a Swedish Navy Vessel. Combined with the state-of-the-art of high-performance ships in China, the development of the thruster technology is finally prospected to meet the requirements for the overall performance improvement of ships. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Polar Route Planning Method Based on Satellite Remote Sensing Data CUI Meng, LYU Cheng, HE Bin, AI Songtao, WU Gang Ship & Boat    2025, 36 (01): 34-45.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2023.197 Abstract （378）      PDF （4306KB）（996）       Knowledge map    Save The sea ice imposes hinderance and safety risk to the navigation of ships in polar regions. It has long been a challenge for polar ship navigators to efficiently complete designated navigation tasks while avoiding risks of ship-ice collisions and being trapped in ice. A navigation environment information grid field and neighborhood networks are established based on the sea ice thickness and concentration data obtained through data inversion based on the high-tech approaches such as microwave remote sensing and satellite measurement. An improved heuristic search algorithm is employed to propose an innovative judgment model considering both the ice navigation capability of ships and structural safety risks. A systematic framework has been established for automatic polar route planning. The results show that the current method effectively considers the impact of the sea ice environment and the ice navigation capability of ships on route planning. The achievements can help accelerate the practical iteration of automatic polar route planning technology and have high application values in the scenario deduction and efficiency evaluation of polar equipment navigation missions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development, Dilemma and Breakthrough of Ship Digitization Design Technology ZHANG Yi, LEI Yuying, QI Ming Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (02): 70-77.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.02.008 Abstract （864）      PDF （1853KB）（942）       Knowledge map    Save The shipbuilding industry, especially the ship design, faces major opportunities and challenges with the promotion of digitalization. While the digital design improves the quality and efficiency of the ship design, there are still many difficulties in the ship design. The current urgent issues to be considered are to further optimize the design process, improve the efficiency, reduce the cost and achieve the autonomous control through digital technology. Innovative countermeasures are provided by analyzing the possible difficulties that may arise from the integration of the ship design and the digital technology. Furthermore, the current study introduces how the ship digital design platform achieves a breakthrough in general ship design through the unified object-oriented data management core and the time-period refresh mechanism. It explores a technical route of independent development characteristics for the research and development of ship digital design software with independent intellectual property rights. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Underwater Vehicle Autonomous Manipulation—Opportunities, Advances and Challenges XU Minghao, SIMA Can, ZHU Zhong, NI Tian, WU Haibo, GUO Jia, WU Yu Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (06): 60-80.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.06.006 Abstract （713）      PDF （4632KB）（930）       Knowledge map    Save Since the 21st century, human exploration of marine resources deepens, the increasingly sophisticated manipulation tasks in unstructured underwater environment put forward higher requirements and challenges for submersibles' operational capability. Interacting with the surroundings with robotic arm is a very important manifestation of such capability. However, autonomous underwater manipulation at this stage is yet in its infancy and various underwater intervention missions still rely highly on manual control, which is very likely to lead to inefficiency in continuous operation. Hence, improving the autonomy in underwater vehicle’s manipulation ability is an inevitable trend of marine equipment in the future. Overviews and existing problems of underwater manipulation are introduced in detail in this paper, and the enormous potential of autonomous underwater manipulation in ocean engineering and other fields is illustrated by comparing the limitations of traditional remotely controlled approaches. The current status of autonomous underwater manipulation is systematically reviewed and main limiting factors and challenges that constrain the development of this domain are analyzed, and the key technologies need to be developed towards industry application are pointed out. Finally, prospects for further development of this area in the future are made. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Technical Analysis of Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier JIN Yanzi, ZHU Zilong, DUAN Bin, LONG Chan Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (02): 1-8.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.02.001 Abstract （647）      PDF （1557KB）（920）       Knowledge map    Save Hydrogen is the ultimate clean energy to achieve zero carbon emissions. The storage and transportation of the liquefied hydrogen at sea has the characteristics of high storage and transportation efficiency and low long-distance transportation costs, which are crucial for the promotion and use of hydrogen energy worldwide. In the transnational and transregional liquefied hydrogen trade, large-capacity liquefied hydrogen carriers are the most economical, convenient and flexible storage and transportation tools, as well as strategic marine equipment with high technical difficulty and promising market value in the future. At present, the design and construction projects of the liquefied hydrogen carrier in the world are gradually increasing. Japan, South Korea and some European countries have taken the lead in exploring the cross-border liquefied hydrogen trade, and have conducted the corresponding research on the marine liquefied hydrogen carrier. However, research on the liquefied hydrogen carrier in China is still in the conceptual design stage, and the formulation of relevant specifications and guidelines is also in the early stage. The technical development and characteristics of the overall design, the liquefied hydrogen containment system, the liquefied hydrogen cargo handling system and the power system of the liquefied hydrogen carrier are analyzed to provide technology reference and guidance for the research, development and design of the liquefied hydrogen carrier and relevant equipment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Deep-Sea Mining Plume Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment CHEN Zekun, WANG Xueming, XIA Jianxin Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (06): 110-120.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.06.010 Abstract （679）      PDF （1450KB）（898）       Knowledge map    Save Deep-sea mining may have adverse effects on the environment. It is of increasing concern in the formulation of development regulations, especially the plume flow caused by mining, whose environmental impact threshold may overturn the existing mining processes. The current research methods for deep-sea mining plumes mainly include indoor experiments, model calculations, and on-site monitoring. The spatial scale differences between experiments and analytical calculations are significant, and the monitoring range and time are limited. The reliability and accuracy of the results still need to be analyzed. The existing experimental results are compared with numerical simulations and monitoring data. The plume migration and diffusion are analyzed from the model principles, calculation boundary conditions and sediment characteristics, and the environment impact threshold is discussed. It can provide references for the subsequent analysis of the deep-sea mining plume. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Present Situation and Development Trend of Marine Scientific Research at Home and Abroad YANG Jinkun, KONG Min, YANG Yang, GENG Shanshan, DONG Mingmei Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (06): 15-28.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.06.002 Abstract （677）      PDF （2107KB）（861）       Knowledge map    Save Marine scientific research uses marine scientific research equipment to obtain ocean data, collect and analyze it, and obtain ocean physical, chemical, biological and geological characteristics, which is an important way for humans to understand the ocean. The article combs the main scientific research history, current situation and changing characteristics at home and abroad since the formation of modern marine science, and discusses the goals, characteristics, results and impact of marine scientific research at different stages on the development of marine science. A summary is made regarding the current status of the development of marine scientific research equipment, focusing on describing the development history and current situation of domestic and foreign marine scientific research vessels, marine observation platforms and survey equipment; the development trends of marine scientific research are discussed and analyzed from the aspects of scientific research equipment, scientific research forms, scientific research characteristics, etc. The current challenges of domestic marine scientific research are put forward, and finally relevant suggestions are put forward for the high-quality development of marine scientific research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Response Path of Mandatory Parameters in Carbon Emission Reduction Policy of International Maritime Organization QU Ziyi, LI Yaxiong, KONG Cunjin, DU Min Ship & Boat    2025, 36 (01): 55-68.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.116 Abstract （432）      PDF （1600KB）（826）       Knowledge map    Save The shipping industry, as a large carbon emitter, has attracted the attention of the international community. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the maker of carbon emission policies for the shipping industry and has successively issued a series of carbon emission reduction policies. The carbon emission policies of IMO in the last ten years have been reviewed. Based on the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, the main influencing factors of key parameters corresponding to the mandatory measures in the current policies are studied, and typical sample ships are selected to calculate the key parameters, and to analyze the state-of-the-art and main problems of the carbon emissions from ocean-going vessels. The technological paths to address the mandatory parameters in the current shipping carbon emission reduction policies are explored based on the emissions of the shipping industry and the status of various technological paths, according to the Guidelines on Life Cycle GHG Intensity of Marine Fuels. It provides suggestions and references for the path selection and future technological development of the current shipbuilding industry to meet the IMO carbon emission policies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Overall Scheme Design of Deep-Sea Mining Water Surface Support System TANG Shouqi, KANG Meize, WANG Zi, XU Sheng, ZHANG Wenxu Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (06): 47-59.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.06.005 Abstract （338）      PDF （3268KB）（778）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing depletion of global land resources, deep-sea mineral resources have gradually attracted global attention. Countries have intensified their investment in order to seize this field. As one of the important supports for mining, the research and development of deep-sea mining water surface support systems have significant engineering application significance. This article aims to study and explore the overall scheme design of the water surface support system for deep-sea mining, in order to meet the requirements of efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly deep-sea mining design. This article analyzes various aspects of the mining water surface support system, comprehensively considers factors such as the speed, seaworthiness, mining efficiency, and long-term stable operation of the water surface support system. Through reasonable selection and layout, the overall design scheme of the mining water surface support system is finally formed to adapt to the operational environment and requirements. This article has certain reference significance for the overall design of the deep-sea mining water surface support system, which can be used as a reference for related design work. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Noise Prediction of Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems in Public Areas of Cruise Ship LUO Zhen, SUN Yao, WANG Yifei Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (02): 59-69.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.02.007 Abstract （328）      PDF （3603KB）（769）       Knowledge map    Save Luxury cruise ships often have large and numerous living areas. The accurate prediction, global analysis, and precise control of the noise of luxury cruise ships are of great significance for reducing the noise level in the living areas of luxury cruise ships and guiding the design and construction of luxury cruise ships. The previous studies on the prediction method and control measures for the noise in ship cabins mostly focused on the small cabins such as accommodation and often used a single method for noise simulation. A joint prediction model combining the empirical formulas, aerodynamic acoustics and statistical energy methods has been developed in order to quickly and accurately predict the noise caused by air conditioning and ventilation systems in large public areas of cruise ships. This model compensates for the accuracy limitations of the empirical formula method using the end and room correction, to achieve the precise simulation of the noise distribution characteristics caused by the complex air conditioning and ventilation systems in large spaces. It intuitively presents the contribution of various ventilation and air conditioning system noise sources to the noise in large spaces. The evaluation of noise in large spaces and noise reduction processing for areas beyond limits is furtherly completed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Underwater Radiated Noise Control Technology for Research Vessel in Whole Life Cycle YE Linchang, LIU Yuan, CHEN Xu, CAI Xiaotao Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (06): 129-135.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.06.012 Abstract （310）      PDF （2585KB）（728）       Knowledge map    Save Research vessels are important carriers of the strategy of building a strong maritime power, and the underwater radiated noise is an important factor affecting the accuracy of research operation and marine ecological environment, so higher requirements are put forward for the control level of underwater radiated noise. The development of the underwater radiated noise control technology for research vessel presented the trend of full-cycle control and intelligence. The method of the full life cycle control of research vessel underwater radiated noise is summarized. Acoustic control technology for the design, construction, mooring commissioning and operation phases are introduced in sequence, with a focus on acoustic intelligent control for the operation phase. Combined with the digital twin technology, the future research direction is envisioned, aiming to provide a reference for relevant researchers to ensure the low-noise performance of the research vessel in the whole life cycle, to improve the efficiency of the research operation and the operation precision, supporting the development of the low noise technology for high-tech ships. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of Omnidirectional USVs Based on Paddle Wheels GAN Zhangze, LIU Zhiqiang, HUANG Ziye, XIANG Qingqing, JIANG Chenxi Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (04): 21-28.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.04.003 Abstract （352）      PDF （3017KB）（714）       Knowledge map    Save An omnidirectional unmanned ship platform is designed based on four paddle wheels to address the problems of large turning radius of existing garbage cleaning ships, especially poor maneuverability in small and narrow waters. A kinematic model has been firstly established for the dynamic analysis of the ship. The paddle wheel is stably controlled by using the fuzzy adaptive proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm, combing with the real-time motion data of the direct current (DC) motor encoder. The experimental results show that the omnidirectional USV can achieve transverse, longitudinal and oblique motion without changing heading angle. The trajectory tracking accuracy is high, with an error of within 10 cm, and the actual trajectory conforms to the expected one. This ship has advantages such as zero turning radius and shallow draft, which is suitable for garbage cleaning in small narrow waters. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of Speed Correction Method Between ITTC 2021 and ISO 15016 WANG Nan, ZHOU Xu Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (04): 127-133.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.04.014 Abstract （444）      PDF （2010KB）（691）       Knowledge map    Save In order to understand the applicability of the speed correction method of the ITTC 2021, the experimental requirements and correction process of the speed correction method of this method during the test of ship speed are introduced and compared with those of the ISO 15016∶2015. Speed correction programs for the two methods are developed through programming based on the principle of speed correction. The trail data of three typical ship types are then analyzed by using the two correction methods, summarizing the effects of the two correction methods on the correction results under different environmental factors such as wind, wave, tide, temperature, density, and water depth. The results show that the correction method of the ITTC 2021 is more reasonable than that of the ISO 15016∶2015. And the resulting speed corrected by the ITTC 2021 method is slightly higher than that by the ISO 15016:2015 correction method for these three ship types, while the newly added correction method for the added resistance in waves is the main factor causing the difference of the analysis results. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hydrodynamic Performance Prediction of Planning Crafts Based on Overset Grid ZHANG Chenliang, MENG Yang, LIU Xiaojian, WANG Jinbao Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (02): 78-87.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.02.009 Abstract （343）      PDF （3954KB）（654）       Knowledge map    Save Planning craft, whose weight is predominantly supported by hydrodynamic lift, has the advantages of lower resistance and faster speed. It is widely used in various scenarios such as entertainment, rescue and military applications. The amplitudes of the pitch and heave in the sliding state during the sailing of the planning craft are higher than those of the traditional displacement ships, especially, periodic exit and entry similar as jumping phenomena will occur when the planning craft travels in waves. Compared with traditional displacement ships, the planning craft has larger amplitudes of the pitch and heave when it travels at the sliding state, especially, periodic exit and entry similar as jumping phenomena will occur when it travels in waves. The resistance, propulsion and seakeeping performance of a deep-V planning craft (generic prismatic planning hull, GPPH) are numerically simulated by using a self-developed dynamic overset grid technology combined with the open-source CFD library OpenFOAM. The comparison between the numerical calculation results and the model test results shows that the dynamic overset grid technology can better capture the large pitch and heave of the planning craft. The periodic exit and entry of the hull generate large periodic slamming pressure on the bottom of the ship, and the numerical calculations can also provide reasonable predictions of the pressure. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Safety Risk Assessment Method for Deep-Sea Mining Transport System Based on α-Cut Fuzzy Numbers and FMEA LI Zhiyu, ZHANG Xin, CHEN Xi, TONG Bo, LI Huiting, ZHAO Yaqi Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (06): 92-101.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.06.008 Abstract （529）      PDF （1962KB）（651）       Knowledge map    Save To address the influence of multi-scale complex loads on the deep-sea mining transport system during operations, the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method is improved based on the α-cut fuzzy numbers, resulting in an α-cut based Fuzzy FMEA model ( α-FFMEA). The evaluation criteria of failure modes, including occurrence ( O), severity ( S), and detectability ( D), are described by using linguistic terms, effectively overcoming the limitations of traditional methods in dealing with uncertainty. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and entropy theory are used to assign the weights of O, S, and D reasonably and objectively, ensuring the scientificity and accuracy of the risk assessment. The α-cut fuzzy numbers and centroid method are then used to calculate the risk priority number of each failure mode across different α-cuts, providing a quantitative basis for system failure prevention and optimization. Finally, the transport system in the deep-sea linkage system is analyzed to validate the effectiveness and applicability of the model, offering important theoretical basis and practical guidance for the optimization and failure prevention of the deep-sea mining transport system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Economic Analysis of Commercial Exploitation of Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodules PAN Fang, JIN Qiang, ZHENG Chengrong Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (06): 136-143.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.06.013 Abstract （389）      PDF （1786KB）（612）       Knowledge map    Save As a pioneering field in marine resource development, deep-sea mining is progressively advancing from theoretical investigation into a stage of commercial exploitation. This study focuses on the economic analysis of commercial mining of deep-sea polymetallic nodules, and summarizes key components and methodologies for economic evaluations. A comprehensive and practical economic analysis framework has been established. Two representative international deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining projects have been selected for economic assessment and comparative analysis using the aforementioned framework. Through sensitivity analysis, the potential impacts of uncertainty factors on project economic benefits are evaluated, providing decision-makers with scientifically grounded support for investment decisions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Low-Temperature Fatigue Test and Life Assessment of Marine 5059 Aluminum Alloy and Welded Joints YANG Xi, XU Yongchao, WANG Wei, WU Jianguo Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (04): 50-57.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.04.006 Abstract （555）      PDF （2546KB）（602）       Knowledge map    Save 5059 aluminum alloy has become the preferred choice for the ship structure due to its excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, the current code lacks the S-N fatigue curve of the 5059 aluminum alloy, imposing difficulties on the fatigue evaluation of the 5059 aluminum alloy ship structure. The 5059 aluminum alloy and a typical marine welded joint are designed to carry out the fatigue tests at the room temperature and the low temperature (-35℃). The corresponding fatigue S-N curve is fitted by the least square method based on the test data. A finite element model of the specimen for fatigue test is established, and the stress obtained by the finite element analysis is extrapolated to obtain the hot spot stress. The fatigue life of the fatigue specimen is predicted by using the fitted S-N curve and compared with the result from the fatigue test. The results show that the proposed S-N curve of the 5059 aluminum alloy material and the welded joint can be used to predict the fatigue life of the ship structure under the low temperature environment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrated Logistic Support for Helicopters on Polar Ships TANG Qingzhi, LIU Peng, MA Tianshuai, HUANG Wei, WU Bin, YUAN Haitong Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (03): 90-95.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.03.009 Abstract （259）      PDF （1492KB）（582）       Knowledge map    Save A set of shipboard helicopter integrated logistic support helicopter integrated logistic support(ILS) methods adapting to extreme environmental conditions, such as polar low temperature and icing, is proposed in order to meet the increasing requirements of ILS for helicopters on polar ships in China. The current common polar rules, standards and ship configuration are studied to identify their incompatibility with extreme polar environments. Targeted improvement plans are then proposed based on relevant domestic and international systems. These improved helicopter ILS methods for polar ships can be selectively applied to the design and construction of new generation polar ships. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Research Progress of Ship Surf-Riding/Broaching Stability FENG Peiyuan, LIU Zhen, WEI Yuefeng Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (03): 21-29.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.03.002 Abstract （474）      PDF （2924KB）（564）       Knowledge map    Save Surf-riding/broaching is one of the five stability failure modes newly included into the Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria by the International Maritime Organization. It is considered to be the most complex one among the five failure modes due to its strong nonlinearity and chaotic characteristics, hence having high academic research value. This paper introduces the researches related to the surf-riding/broaching in recent years, elaborates the research progress of the theoretical prediction, numerical simulation, model test and specifications, as well as the research developments concerning the influence of the surf-riding/broaching on the ship design and ship operation. The key problems that have not been fully solved and the bottleneck technologies that need to be broken are analyzed based on the state-of-the-art of the ship surf-riding/broaching. It can provide references for the key research directions in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Short-Circuit Current Calculation and Selective Protection Scheme Analysis of Fuses in Marine DC Distribution System ZHOU Ruiping, XIONG Qingwen, ZHANG Xiaoyu Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (05): 78-85.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.05.010 Abstract （454）      PDF （1794KB）（562）       Knowledge map    Save The calculation method of direct-current (DC) short-circuit current and analysis of selective protection of fuses are important aspects of the design of the DC integrated power system. The design directly affects the selective protection scheme of fuses in the DC distribution system and the operational stability of the DC distribution system. The calculation principle and method of the single module short-circuit current in marine DC distribution system are presented for equivalent calculation of the ship’s DC distribution system. By selecting different short-circuit points, the impact of different short-circuit points on the DC comprehensive power system during short circuit. The short-circuit currents of different branches are calculated to determine the fuse specification through the actual I2T curve of the branch. The error between the simulation results obtained from the equivalent model simulation and the practical calculation is within 1% by analyzing the practical examples. By using the MATLAB/SIMULINK equivalent model simulation method, the calculation of the short-circuit current of the DC distribution system and the reasonable selection of the fuse can be conducted without establishing a detailed SIMULINK model and performing tedious formula calculations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experiment Platform for Path Planning and Control of Unmanned SurfaceVehicle TANG Chuanyin, YAN Yu, XIA Jifeng, JI Wei, YANG Dongxing, WANG Shu, SHANG Haijiang Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (02): 96-105.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.02.011 Abstract （433）      PDF （3605KB）（561）       Knowledge map    Save An experimental platform of an unmanned planning craft equipped with multiple sensors and control systems is proposed aiming at the insufficient system verification and evaluation of the path planning and obstacle avoidance control of the unmanned surface vehicle in real environment. The developed experimental platform integrates the LiDAR, depth camera, global positioning system(GPS), ultra wide band (UWB) positioning system, gyroscope and other sensors, and uses main controllers and bottom controllers based on the robot operating system(ROS) and Free_RTOS operating system. The experimental platform consists of the planing craft itself, the sensing system, the bottom controller and the remote monitoring system, including the upper positioning algorithm, the path planning algorithm and the actuator control algorithm. A comprehensive experimental platform including mapping, positioning and remote monitoring is built on the unmanned planning craft equipped with various sensors. The effectiveness of the path planning and obstacle avoidance control algorithm is verified by the navigation experiment of the planning craft. It is supposed to provide theoretical references for the technological development and application of unmanned surface vehicles. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Idea of Ship Intelligence System Level Assessment Method Based on "Mission Plus Capability" LI Mingyuan, ZHAO Lili, YU Xiu, ZHA Yiqian, XU Liang Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (03): 118-128.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.03.013 Abstract （372）      PDF （2122KB）（527）       Knowledge map    Save The advancement of computer performance and the development of artificial intelligence technology have promoted the transformation of the shipping industry towards intelligence, and more and more ships are equipped with intelligent systems. Ship intelligent systems can replace crew members to perform various repetitive and harsh work, and play a very important role in improving work efficiency and safety. With the development of ship intelligent systems, there are significant differences in the intelligence levels of different systems. It is necessary to assign reasonable tasks based on the evaluation level of intelligence so that intelligent systems can autonomously complete them. Therefore, accurately evaluating the ability of intelligent systems is very important. This article first outlines the current research status and significance of ship intelligent system level assessment, and then introduces and analyzes existing intelligent system level assessment methods. Next, a cobweb model based on “task + ability” for evaluating the intelligence level of ship intelligent systems is proposed, and finally, this cobweb model is employed to assess the level of intelligence of the intelligent system installed on a specific scientific research vessel. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Development on the Data-Driven Intelligent Preliminary Design System for Ship Hull Forms YU Kai, MA Ning, SHI Qiqi, SUN Li Ship & Boat    2025, 36 (01): 1-10.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2025.006 Abstract （407）      PDF （2470KB）（526）       Knowledge map    Save A data-driven approach for the preliminary design of ship hull forms has been proposed to address the issues of long design cycles and high manual effort in traditional ship hull form design methods. By focusing on the digital representation of hull lines, database construction, and data storage, classification and retrieval, a method for constructing a hull form database is proposed to enable the visualization of functionalities such as adding, deleting, viewing, modifying, and matching of hull lines. To fully utilize the existing data in the database, a feature extraction function for hull lines is developed. This function segments the ship hull surface and calculates the normal vector, Gaussian curvature and mean curvature of the hull surface, thereby facilitating dimensionality reduction of the hull surface features. A convolutional neural network is then employed with the reduced-dimensional features as inputs to predict the ship resistance in static water. Experimental results show that the database can effectively manage the data of the ship hull form, and the error of the total ship resistance coefficient predicted by the neural network is within 10%. This work enables the inheritance of high-quality data into the preliminary hull form design of new ship types. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Dynamic Alignment Calculation Method for Double Shafting in Large LNG Ship WANG Pengyin, ZHAO Jie, FENG Yanqi, MA Xuefei, YANG Bihan Ship & Boat    2025, 36 (01): 97-105.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.095 Abstract （233）      PDF （2801KB）（525）       Knowledge map    Save It is essential for the innovation, transformation and industrial reform of the domestic shipbuilding industry to overcome the design challenges of large Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ships and thus solve bottleneck technologies. However, the large LNG ships generally adopt the design of double shafting with double shafting lines of inward inclination angles. This unique design results in an extremely complex flow field at the stern of the ship with increased lateral forces on the shafting, adversely affecting the safe and stable operation of the shafting. The calculation method for the shafting alignment is studied thoroughly by examining the hull deformation, propeller hydrodynamics and bearing oil film thickness of a large LNG double shafting ship. This method more truly reproduces the actual operating state of the shafting, improves the safety margin of the shafting, and obtains a forward-looking, feasible and stable calculation scheme for the dynamic alignment of the double shafting. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in the Secondary Flow Model and Experimental Method of Turbomachinery CAI Youlin, ZHANG Heng, FENG Peiyuan, WANG Jun, SUN Chong, WANG Lixiang Ship & Boat    2025, 36 (02): 13-27.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.200 Abstract （189）      PDF （3959KB）（515）       Knowledge map    Save The secondary flow is the concomitant flow of the mainstream, which generally exists in nature and turbomachinery, most typically in the turbomachinery. The secondary flow in the turbomachinery not only changes the motion of the mainstream, deteriorates the flow field, induces the boundary layer separation, intensifies the jet wake at the exit, but also generates flow losses and noise. It is therefore of increasing concern of scholars and has risen to the same research level as the potential flow theory. Since 1950s, scholars at home and abroad have studied the phenomenon of the secondary flow from the perspectives of theoretical analysis, experimental research and numerical simulation, gradually understanding the flow mechanism and structure of the secondary flow in turbomachinery and establishing a continuously improving mathematical model, loss assessment and experimental methods for the secondary flow. Starting from the phenomenon of the secondary flow, the flow structure, mathematical model, and loss calculation and test methods of the secondary flow of the turbomachinery are reviewed and summarized. It is pointed out that the classical theoretical model of the secondary flow based on streamwise vortex built by ZANGENEH has some limitations. The key directions for future research are proposed based on the S3 flow surface theory of the secondary flow. It can provide references for the improvement of the flow field quality and the hydrodynamic performance of various types of turbomachinery, including waterjet pumps. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Resistance Reduction of Container Ship Using Fairing Based on CFD WU Yaoyang, LIN Haihua, SUN Chengmeng, JIANG Deqi, LI Shilong Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (04): 97-105.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.04.011 Abstract （1112）      PDF （3418KB）（509）       Knowledge map    Save The optimization of ship resistance is an important method to reduce the fuel consumption and improve the ship energy efficiency. The wind resistance of container ships accounts for a much larger proportion than that of other ships, which is a nonnegligible important part. The installation of a fairing at the bow has a significant effect on the wind resistance of the container ship. The total resistance and the wind resistance of a fully loaded container ship sailing at the design speed are calculated by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The mechanism of the resistance reduction using the fairing is analyzed by studying the reduction of the wind resistance and the total resistance due to the fairing when facing the wind at different wind speeds. The fairing can guide the flow and delay the flow separation, which effectively reduces the pressure resistance between the front and rear of the ship. The reduction of the wind resistance due to the fairing is stable at about 40%. The reduction of the total resistance due to the fairing gradually increases with the increase of the wind speed, and the resistance reduction can reach 2.91% under the wind speed of scale 8. The results can provide references for the practical design application and resistance evaluation of the fairing of container ships. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vibration Response Characteristics of Marine Solar Photovoltaic Flexible Support Considering Ship Motion MA Jingyun, CHEN Zuogang, FENG Yukun Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (04): 85-96.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.04.010 Abstract （447）      PDF （5198KB）（507）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the energy conservation and emission reduction of the ship, a marine solar photovoltaic flexible support which can be laid on the deck has been designed based on the parameters and operation conditions of the KVLCC2, and the vibration response characteristics are analyzed. The effects of the wind load and the pitch and heave of the ship on the vibration response characteristics of the flexible support are studied by using the fluid-structure interaction decoupling calculation method. The results show that the amplitude and the average internal stress of the steel cable are the largest under the pitch condition, which have an adverse effect on the flexible support, followed by the pitch and heave conditions, and the lowest under the heave condition. The maximum structural stress occurs at the boundary of the steel cable support, and the plastic deformation will occur earliest if the external load increases further. The average stress and amplitude of the steel cable in the middle of the flexible support are the largest, and fatigue failure may occur under the cyclic stress and strain. The above conclusions provide a basis for the design, manufacture and daily use of the marine solar photovoltaic flexible support. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Ship Integrated Design Technology Based on Unified Data Model ZHANG Yanchang, LI Siyuan, LIU Jianfeng, CHEN Gang Ship & Boat    2025, 36 (03): 56-69.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.099 Abstract （392）      PDF （4477KB）（496）       Knowledge map    Save In the era of digital transformation, to address uncertainty, improve quality and efficiency, and enhance enterprise profitability, integrating digital technology into ship design technology to reconstruct a full three-dimensional (3D) ship design model has become a design development trend. A model-based integrated 3D digital design definition and technical connotation are proposed by using Hexagon Smart 3D as the 3D design platform. The solutions for 2D-driven 3D rapid modeling, integration of CAD/CAE, integration of detailed design and production design, 3D submission for approval and design tool development are also discussed. A number of design tools are developed based on parametric modeling and knowledge-driven approaches, forming a modeling strategy and design master schedule (DMS). This addresses the integration of CAE/CAD and the integration of detailed design and production design, enabling the share and reuse of the unified data sources and model data, as well as the 3D design collaboration among various design departments. The research results have been applied in merchant ships and cruise ships, laying a solid foundation for reconstructing the fully 3D design model of ships. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Local Path Planning Algorithms for Unmanned Ships JIN Yuan, LOU Jiankun, WANG Hongdong, WANG Zhihong, ZHANG Yongzhou Ship & Boat    2025, 36 (03): 10-22.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2025.067 Abstract （484）      PDF （1852KB）（489）       Knowledge map    Save Autonomous navigation systems serve as the foundation for unmanned surface ship operations, with local path planning algorithms being crucial components of these systems. The local path planning algorithms for unmanned surface ships are systematically reviewed, focusing on commonly used algorithms including the A*, Artificial Potential Field, Rapidly-exploring Random Trees, Dynamic Window Approach, Velocity Obstacle and intelligent optimization algorithms. It analyzes their fundamental principles, strengths and limitations, and summarizes their applications in path planning of unmanned surface ships. Current local path planning algorithms have demonstrated practical utility in simple scenarios such as open waters. However, significant challenges remain in complex situations, primarily due to high-density unstructured navigation environments, highly dynamic and strongly nonlinear environmental disturbances, and multi-constraint, multi-objective mission scenarios. It is recommended to further investigate the constraint-loading mechanisms of maneuvering motion models, advance multi-algorithm collaborative planning theories for full-mission scenarios and develop large model-driven decision-making and planning methodologies for unmanned surface ships. These efforts aim to address local path planning challenges in complex environments and missions. It can provide systematic references for theoretical research and engineering applications of local path planning technologies for unmanned surface ships. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Techniques of Hydroelastic Experiment for Segmented Keel Beam Models YE Yusong, JIANG Jijiang, ZHANG Shiyuan, FU Shixiao, WU Shaobo Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (04): 11-20.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.04.002 Abstract （360）      PDF （2490KB）（487）       Knowledge map    Save Hydroelastic experiment is an important method to investigate the hydroelastic response of ships. The state-of-the-art of the hydroelastic experiment of ships at home and abroad has been summarized, with focuses on the widely used segmented keel beam model, including the structural design, hydrodynamic module design, loading types and experimental result measurement. The applicability of different segmented keel beam models is then analyzed. The key technologies of the segmented keel beam model in the experimental design stage are summarized to provide the design indicators for the main contents based on the team experience, in order to provide references for the design of the hydroelastic experiment for ships. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Adjoint Method in the Study of the Intake Flow in a Waterjet SUN Chong, DAI Yuanxing Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (03): 52-59.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.03.005 Abstract （296）      PDF （2667KB）（476）       Knowledge map    Save The intake duct is one of the main components of a waterjet, and the hydraulic loss in the intake duct is an important part of the total loss of the waterjet. The geometry structure of the intake duct induces non-uniform inflow of the propulsion pump, which has adverse effects on the hydraulic efficiency and dynamic excitation of the waterjet. The intake duct of the waterjet is numerically simulated by using the adjoint method, the flow equations are first solved in the forward direction, then followed by the reverse solution of the adjoint equations. The flow region most related to the inflow is obtained based on the field of the adjoint operator. The method to capture the inflow surface of the waterjet duct based on the adjoint method is then established and verified. The duct geometry is optimized through the adjoint method by taking the boundary of the intake duct as the design input variable and the non-uniformity of the outflow as the objective. After 8 iterations, the non-uniformity of the outflow relatively decreases 18.7%, which validates that the adjoint method can effectively optimize the geometry of the intake duct. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advanced Generator Protection Strategies for Closed-Loop Dynamic Positioning System GUO Shiqian, WANG Wenjun, CHEN Yong Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (05): 61-68.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.05.008 Abstract （268）      PDF （1940KB）（472）       Knowledge map    Save More and more dynamic positioning ships choose to use closed-loop power grid systems in the design of the power distribution networks in order to save energy and reduce emissions, operate economically, and improve the reliability and flexibility of power distribution networks. DNV, ABS, CCS and other classification societies have also put forward corresponding inspection requirements for the design of closed-loop power grids in specifications and guidelines, among which advanced generator protection is one of the key points of the reliability assessment of the closed-loop power grids by these classification societies. Based on the specification requirements for the advanced generator protection, the design points of the advanced generator protection are analyzed from typical power grid faults combined with the current practical applications. It is hoped to provide references for the subsequent design of the closed-loop power grid. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation of Personnel Evacuation Behavior for Cruise Ship Considering Conformity CHENG Shaojian, YANG Jikai, LI Zihan, LI Wei Ship & Boat    2024, 35 (02): 49-58.   DOI: 10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2024.02.006 Abstract （409）      PDF （3745KB）（469）       Knowledge map    Save Large crowds may show special evacuation behaviors in emergency situations due to conformity. The three-layer cruise ship in the European “SAFEGUARD” project has been examined in order to study the role of conformity in the emergency evacuation of cruise ships. A simulation model is established by using the Anylogic evacuation simulation platform, and the evacuation logic is written according to the cabin layout, the number and distribution of personnel of the cruise ship. The corresponding results are obtained by multiple personnel evacuation simulations. The reliability and accuracy of the simulation model are then verified by comparing the simulation results with the project dataset. The influence of different degrees of conformity on evacuation results is explored by adjusting the size of conformity factors based on the verified model. The results are compared with the prototype data. The results show that the visual field of the cruise ship is relatively narrow with fewer evacuation passages. The evacuation efficiency of cruise ships gradually decreases with the increasing degree of conformity, resulting in extended time to complete evacuation. Based on the actual situation of cruise ships, suggestions that are beneficial for evacuation are proposed to improve the evacuation efficiency, such as issuing instruction information, planning clear paths, and increasing emergency awareness training. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics